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DEFINITION: (noun) The branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste. SYNONYMS: aesthetics. USAGE: Traditional esthetics assumed the existence of universal and timeless criteria of artistic value.

Famous as a self-made man, Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, and philanthropist. He amassed a huge fortune in iron and steel during the American Industrial Revolution, becoming the second richest man in the world. He later sold his firm to J.P. Morgan and established the Carnegie Foundation to donate millions for education. What was Carnegie's connection to the Johnstown Flood, which killed over 2,200 people?

At the Battle of Montgisard, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, established by the First Crusade and led by Baldwin IV, defeated Saladin, the renowned Kurdish military general. Learning of Saladin's plans to invade from Egypt, Baldwin's forces surprised his army en route and were triumphant despite inferior numbers. Saladin soon renewed his attacks, but the kingdom enjoyed a year of peace, and the victory soon became a heroic legend. What powerful Christian military order participated in the fighting?

A new study shows that patrols in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park have cut poaching and increased the population of black rhinoceros, elephants, and buffalo. Researchers show that herds declined after 1977, when spending on anti-poaching patrols was slashed. In the late 1980s the situation improved. Serengeti National Park is famous for its 1.5 million-plus annual animal migration to and from Maasai Mara in Kenya.

The Secret Service was originally established in 1865 under the Department of the Treasury, with the primary task of preventing the counterfeiting of US currency. It assumed the role of protecting the president after President McKinley was assassinated in 1901. Today, in addition to its original duties, the Secret Service is responsible for guarding high-ranking government officials, their families, and foreign dignitaries. In 2003, the Secret Service became part of what new federal department?