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DEFINITION: (noun) A physical alteration thought to occur in living neural tissue in response to stimuli, posited as an explanation for memory. SYNONYMS: memory trace. USAGE: The neuroscientist likened engrams in neural tissue to data on the hard drive of a computer.

Charles Francis Richter was an American seismologist most famous for creating the Richter magnitude scale, which quantifies the size of earthquakes by assigning each quake a single number. The scale is logarithmic, so the amplitude of the waves increases by powers of 10 in relation to the Richter magnitude numbers. Numbers for the Richter scale range from 0 to 9, though no real upper limit exists. What was the magnitude of the largest earthquake ever recorded?

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is regarded as the worst nuclear accident in history, producing radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, the UK, and the eastern US. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the resettlement of roughly 200,000 people and a disputed number of deaths. What caused the accident?

Pantone, Inc. is a multi-billion dollar corporation that publishes the Pantone Guides, which are used by graphic designers and others to 'color match' specific colors when a design enters production stage. The Pantone Color Matching System works within the existing color systems, such as the CMYK system, but it has not yet been linked with screen-based colors. In recent years, the parliament of what country debated a petition to define the blue in its flag as "Pantone 300?"

The FDA reviewed a 2005 Italian study that claimed aspartame led to higher rates of lymphoma and leukemia in rats and found no evidence that aspartame is a carcinogen. Aspartame is found in thousands of products, including sodas, chewing gum, dairy products, and even some medicines. NutraSweet and Equal are popular brands.